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တမ်းပလေက်:Infobox germanium

အဝ်ႏ ဝီခီပီးဒီးယား ကို
ဇျာမနီယမ်,  32Ge
Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
ကအောဝ်ႏလုဲင်ႏဒါႏ ဂုဏ်သတ္တိဖုံႏ
အမဉ်ꩻ၊ သင်္ကေတဇျာမနီယမ်, Ge
အငေါဝ်းထန်ႏ/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/
jər- MAY -nee-əm
အယောင်ꩻgrayish-white
ဒြတ်စင် အထဲ့ရော့ꩻ ထာꩻရှောင်ကို ဇျာမနီယမ်
Element 1: Hydrogen (H), Other non-metal
Element 2: Helium (He), Noble gas
Element 3: Lithium (Li), Alkali metal
Element 4: Beryllium (Be), Alkaline earth metal
Element 5: Boron (B), Metalloid
Element 6: Carbon (C), Other non-metal
Element 7: Nitrogen (N), Other non-metal
Element 8: Oxygen (O), Other non-metal
Element 9: Fluorine (F), Halogen
Element 10: Neon (Ne), Noble gas
Element 11: Sodium (Na), Alkali metal
Element 12: Magnesium (Mg), Alkaline earth metal
Element 13: Aluminium (Al), Other metal
Element 14: Silicon (Si), Metalloid
Element 15: Phosphorus (P), Other non-metal
Element 16: Sulfur (S), Other non-metal
Element 17: Chlorine (Cl), Halogen
Element 18: Argon (Ar), Noble gas
Element 19: Potassium (K), Alkali metal
Element 20: Calcium (Ca), Alkaline earth metal
Element 21: Scandium (Sc), Transition metal
Element 22: Titanium (Ti), Transition metal
Element 23: Vanadium (V), Transition metal
Element 24: Chromium (Cr), Transition metal
Element 25: Manganese (Mn), Transition metal
Element 26: Iron (Fe), Transition metal
Element 27: Cobalt (Co), Transition metal
Element 28: Nickel (Ni), Transition metal
Element 29: Copper (Cu), Transition metal
Element 30: Zinc (Zn), Transition metal
Element 31: Gallium (Ga), Other metal
Element 32: Germanium (Ge), Metalloid
Element 33: Arsenic (As), Metalloid
Element 34: Selenium (Se), Other non-metal
Element 35: Bromine (Br), Halogen
Element 36: Krypton (Kr), Noble gas
Element 37: Rubidium (Rb), Alkali metal
Element 38: Strontium (Sr), Alkaline earth metal
Element 39: Yttrium (Y), Transition metal
Element 40: Zirconium (Zr), Transition metal
Element 41: Niobium (Nb), Transition metal
Element 42: Molybdenum (Mo), Transition metal
Element 43: Technetium (Tc), Transition metal
Element 44: Ruthenium (Ru), Transition metal
Element 45: Rhodium (Rh), Transition metal
Element 46: Palladium (Pd), Transition metal
Element 47: Silver (Ag), Transition metal
Element 48: Cadmium (Cd), Transition metal
Element 49: Indium (In), Other metal
Element 50: Tin (Sn), Other metal
Element 51: Antimony (Sb), Metalloid
Element 52: Tellurium (Te), Metalloid
Element 53: Iodine (I), Halogen
Element 54: Xenon (Xe), Noble gas
Element 55: Caesium (Cs), Alkali metal
Element 56: Barium (Ba), Alkaline earth metal
Element 57: Lanthanum (La), Lanthanoid
Element 58: Cerium (Ce), Lanthanoid
Element 59: Praseodymium (Pr), Lanthanoid
Element 60: Neodymium (Nd), Lanthanoid
Element 61: Promethium (Pm), Lanthanoid
Element 62: Samarium (Sm), Lanthanoid
Element 63: Europium (Eu), Lanthanoid
Element 64: Gadolinium (Gd), Lanthanoid
Element 65: Terbium (Tb), Lanthanoid
Element 66: Dysprosium (Dy), Lanthanoid
Element 67: Holmium (Ho), Lanthanoid
Element 68: Erbium (Er), Lanthanoid
Element 69: Thulium (Tm), Lanthanoid
Element 70: Ytterbium (Yb), Lanthanoid
Element 71: Lutetium (Lu), Lanthanoid
Element 72: Hafnium (Hf), Transition metal
Element 73: Tantalum (Ta), Transition metal
Element 74: Tungsten (W), Transition metal
Element 75: Rhenium (Re), Transition metal
Element 76: Osmium (Os), Transition metal
Element 77: Iridium (Ir), Transition metal
Element 78: Platinum (Pt), Transition metal
Element 79: Gold (Au), Transition metal
Element 80: Mercury (Hg), Transition metal
Element 81: Thallium (Tl), Other metal
Element 82: Lead (Pb), Other metal
Element 83: Bismuth (Bi), Other metal
Element 84: Polonium (Po), Metalloid
Element 85: Astatine (At), Halogen
Element 86: Radon (Rn), Noble gas
Element 87: Francium (Fr), Alkali metal
Element 88: Radium (Ra), Alkaline earth metal
Element 89: Actinium (Ac), Actinoid
Element 90: Thorium (Th), Actinoid
Element 91: Protactinium (Pa), Actinoid
Element 92: Uranium (U), Actinoid
Element 93: Neptunium (Np), Actinoid
Element 94: Plutonium (Pu), Actinoid
Element 95: Americium (Am), Actinoid
Element 96: Curium (Cm), Actinoid
Element 97: Berkelium (Bk), Actinoid
Element 98: Californium (Cf), Actinoid
Element 99: Einsteinium (Es), Actinoid
Element 100: Fermium (Fm), Actinoid
Element 101: Mendelevium (Md), Actinoid
Element 102: Nobelium (No), Actinoid
Element 103: Lawrencium (Lr), Actinoid
Element 104: Rutherfordium (Rf), Transition metal
Element 105: Dubnium (Db), Transition metal
Element 106: Seaborgium (Sg), Transition metal
Element 107: Bohrium (Bh), Transition metal
Element 108: Hassium (Hs), Transition metal
Element 109: Meitnerium (Mt), Transition metal
Element 110: Darmstadtium (Ds), Transition metal
Element 111: Roentgenium (Rg), Transition metal
Element 112: Copernicium (Cn), Transition metal
Element 113: Ununtrium (Uut)
Element 114: Ununquadium (Uuq)
Element 115: Ununpentium (Uup)
Element 116: Ununhexium (Uuh)
Element 117: Ununseptium (Uus)
Element 118: Ununoctium (Uuo)
 Si
↑
Ge
↓
Sn
ဂယ်လီယမ် ← ဇျာမနီယမ် → အာသဉ်းနေက်
အဲက်တမ် အမုဲင်ရဲန်ႏ (Z)32
အဗူႏ၊ ဘလော့group 14 (carbon group)
အထဲ့ရော့ꩻ ထာꩻရွောင်period  4
ဒြပ်စင် ကဏ္ဍ  metalloid
အှောန်ႏထော့ခါꩻ အဲက်တမ်မေက် အထှူႏခေန်ႏ (±) (Ar)72.630(8)[၁]
အီလဲက္ထရွန် ကဖျင်ထာꩻ[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
အပီတထွိုင်ကို ကပါဒါႏ အီလဲက္ထရွန်2, 8, 18, 4
ပှိုင်းဝှို့တုမ်ႏ ယောင်ꩻဖဲ့ဂုဏ်သတ္တိဖုံႏ
ဖေ့စ်အခြုံးအတူႏ
အခြုံးခြီအီအလျား1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
အထီဗို့ꩻအီအလျား3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
အနဲန်းအတဉ်ႏ (အခန်ꩻအလျား ၊ လမ်းဟောင်းကိုအလျား)5.323 g/cm3
5.60 g/cm3
ဖျှူးဆဉ်းအလျား36.94 kJ/mol
အတအှိုထန်ႏအလျား334 kJ/mol
မိုလာ အလျားအာႏရဲင်ꩻ23.222 J/(mol·K)
အတအှိုထီတေက်ꩻအာႏ
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
အဲက်တမ်မေက်ဂုဏ်ႏဖုံႏ
ထွာအောက်သုဲက် (အောက်သုဲက်ဒေးဆဉ်း) အထျꩻအအုံ4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
ဓာတ်ငင်ႏအီလက်ထရွန် Pauling scale: 2.01
အာႏတောင်ႏတာႏမာꩻထွာအုဲင်းယွန်း1st: 762 kJ/mol
2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
အဲက်တမ်မေက် ဒွါႏအကဲန်တကှို့ꩻempirical: 122 pm
ကိုဗေးလဲန့်ဒွါႏအကဲန်တကှို့ꩻ 122 pm
ဗန်ဒါဝေါ့သ် ဒွါႏအကဲန်တကှို့ꩻ211 pm
Miscellanea
ကမာꩻထွာခါꩻထာꩻကြုံး ​face-centered diamond-cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for ဇျာမနီယမ်
အငေါဝ်းအမှိုင် 5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
အလျားမာꩻတခြက်ထာꩻ6.0 µm/(m·K)
အလျားတွီကာႏထာꩻ60.2 W/(m·K)
တျာႏရဲးကမ်းထာꩻ1 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Band gap0.67 eV (at 300 K)
ပသီႏထှို့ꩻဓာတ်diamagnetic[၂]
ပသီႏထှို့ꩻ ကခှေါင်းအီဒါႏထာꩻ (χmol)−76.84·10−6 cm3/mol[၃]
Young's modulus103 GPa[၄]
Shear modulus41 GPa[၄]
Bulk modulus75 GPa[၄]
ပွုဲင်သွန် အဗျင်ႏ- ပွိုင်စွန် အချိုး0.26[၄]
Mohs hardness6.0
CAS Number7440-56-4
ထွာလှောန်ခြောင်ꩻ
ကဖေႏအမဉ်ꩻသားအှောန်ႏဖေႏခါꩻ ဇျာမနီခမ်းနမ်း
ကဟောꩻခြုဲင်းခါꩻရီးထာꩻDmitri Mendeleev (၁၈၇၁)
ကထုမ်ႏမော့ꩻသားClemens Winkler (၁၈၈၆)
အစှူဖြှိုးသွတ်ꩻ ဇျာမနီယမ်သီး အုဲင်သိုတုပ်ဖုံႏ
iso NA သက်တန်ꩻတာကွို့ꩻ DM DE

( MeV)

DP
68Ge syn 270.8 d ε – 68Ga
70Ge 20.52% is stable with 38 neutrons
71Ge syn 11.26 d ε – 71Ga
72Ge 27.45% is stable with 40 neutrons
73Ge 7.76% is stable with 41 neutrons
74Ge 36.52% is stable with 42 neutrons
76Ge 7.75% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 2.039 76Se
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These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
  2. ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  3. ↑ Weast၊ Robert (1984)။ CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics။ Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing။ pp. E110။ ISBN 0-8493-0464-4။
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Properties of Germanium"၊ Ioffe Institute]။
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